ABSTRACT
We study the consequences of, and potential policy responses to, highâfrequency trading (HFT) via the tradeoff between liquidity and information production. Faster speeds facilitate HFT, with consequences for this tradeoff: information production decreases because informed traders have less time to trade before HFTs react, but liquidity (measured by the bidâask spread) improves because informational asymmetries decline. HFT also pushes outcomes inside the frontier of this tradeoff. However, outcomes can be restored to the frontier by replacing the limit order book with one of two alternative mechanisms: delaying all orders except cancellations or implementing frequent batch auctions.
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